Darumapedia

21 Feb 2020

- EDO - Shiotsu Kaido

https://edoflourishing.blogspot.com/2020/02/shiotsu-kaido-highway.html

Shiotsu Kaido Highway

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. Kaido 街道 Highways - ABC Index .
- for Omi, Ōmi see below
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Shiotsu Kaido 塩津街道 Shiotsu Highway / 塩津海道 Shiotsu Sea Road
Connecting Shiotsu in 滋賀県 Shiga prefecture with 敦賀 Tsuruga, 福井県 Fukui, on the Sea of Japan.

This old road was also called
Shiotsu koe 塩津越え crossing over at Shiotsu
Another name is
Hokkoku Kaido 北国海道 Hokkoku Sea Road

. Kitamaebune 北前船 North-bound trade ships .
Tsuruga 敦賀, a traditional harbour where the ships from Hokkaido (Kitamaebune 北前船) used to stop over and unload things, mostly marine products, that were transported to Kyoto by land via
the Shiotsu Kaido 塩津街道 along the lake Biwako, linking to Kohoku Shiotsu in Omi. (Kohoku is Northern Shiga region.)
Tsuruga was also the endpoint of the road Tango Kaido 丹後街道 Tango Kaido.

Also called
shio no michi 塩の道 salt road
to transport salt from Tsuruga to Kyoto.

. Hokkoku Kaido 北国街道 Hokkoku Highway Roads .
From Oiwake on the 中仙道 Nakasendo Highway to 野尻宿 Nojiri into 越後 the Echigo province.

- Postal stations along the Shiotsu Kaido
Shiotsu 塩津宿 / Omi-Shiotsu 近江塩津
- source with many photos -

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- Places along the Omi Kaido
Kyoto 京都市
Otsu 大津市
Kusatsu 草津市
Ritto 栗東市
Moriyama 守山市
Yasu 野洲市
Ryuo 竜王町
Omi Hachiman 近江八幡市
Higashi-Omi 東近江市
Aisho 愛荘町
Toyosato 豊郷町
Hikone 彦根市
Maibara 米原市

- more photos : biwa.ne.jp/~futamura... -

. Nakasendo 中山道 .

- source with many photos -

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Nishi-Omi Kaido 西近江街道 Western Omi Highway
Connecting 近江国 Omi with the 越前国 Echigo domain.

- Places along the Nishi-Omi Kaido
Fuda no tsuji 札の辻
Koseki 小関越え
Hokkokubashi bridge 北国橋
Kannonjo town 観音寺町
Karasaki Jinja 唐﨑神社 Shrine
Sakamoto Castle ruins 坂本城跡
Hiei tsuji 比叡辻
Noka 苗鹿（のうか）
Koromogawa 衣川
Ukimido 浮御堂
Katata 堅田

- reference source : kaidouarukitabi.com/rekisi... -

- wikipedia knows this -
In olden times also called Hokkoku Road 北陸道。北国海道、北国脇往還、北国往還、北国脇道
via
Koseki koe 小関越え
Ano 穴多　穴太
Wani 和邇
Mio 三尾
Tomoyuki 鞆結駅
Arachi no Seki 愛発関

- in modern times via
Otsu 大津宿 - Fuda no Tsuji 札の辻
Koromogawa 衣川宿
Wani 和邇宿
Kido 木戸宿
Kita-Komatsu 北小松宿
Kawaraichi 河原市宿
Imazu 今津宿
Kaizu 海津宿
Tsuruga 敦賀宿

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- quote -
Ōmi Province (近江国, Ōmi no kuni)
is an old province of Japan, which today comprises Shiga Prefecture. It was one of the provinces that made up the Tōsandō circuit. Its nickname is Gōshū (江州).
Lake Biwa, Japan's largest lake, is located at the center of the province. "Ōmi" came from awaumi or "fresh-water sea" and the kanji of "Ōmi" (近江) means "an inlet near the capital" (See also Tōtōmi Province).
The ancient capital was near Ōtsu, which was also a major castle town. In north of Otsu, one of the most important monastery Enryaku-ji is located on Mount Hiei.
- History
Hōjō Tokimasa, the first shikken of the Kamakura shogunate, was made daimyō of Ōmi Province in the 10th month of Shōji 2 (1200).
During the Sengoku period, the northern part of the province was the fief of Ishida Mitsunari, Tokugawa Ieyasu's opponent at the Battle of Sekigahara, although he spent most of his time in Osaka Castle administering the fief of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's young son. After Ishida's defeat, Tokugawa granted the fief to his allies, the Ii clan, who built the castle and town of Hikone from the ruins of Sawayama.
Takebe taisha was designated as the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) for the province.
Ukiyo-e print by Hiroshige of the sailboats at Yahashi, one of the Eight Views of Ōmi, c. 1834
During the Edo period, it was host to five stations of the Tōkaidō and eight stations of the Nakasendō.
The southern part of the province around the town of Kōka (Koga) was the home of the famous Kōga ninja, one of the two main founding schools of ninjutsu.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

Kurita District (栗太郡)
Yasu District (野洲郡)
Kōka District (甲賀郡)
Gamō District (蒲生郡)
Kanzaki District (神崎郡)
Echi District (愛知郡)
Inukami District (犬上郡)
Sakata District (坂田郡)
Azai District (浅井郡)
Ika District (伊香郡)
Takashima District (高島郡)

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Shiga was known as Ōmi Province 近江国
. Oomi Hakkei　近江八景 Eight Views of Omi .

. Folk Art from Omi .
. Omi joofu 近江上布 Omi Jofu Ramie fabric .
. Oomi shoonin tsuchi ningyoo 近江商人土人形 clay dolls from tradesmen of Omi .
. Omi Hino Merchant Museum 近江日野商人 .
. Oomi Daruma 近江だるま Daruma from Omi .

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

.................................................................................　Shiga 滋賀県
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伊香郡 Ika district 余呉町 Yogo town

. kitsune densetsu 狐と伝説 fox legends .
A dealer in brooms made from Shuro palm came crossing over the pass to reach Shiotsu in the early morning.
He saw a fox sleeping on the roadside and teased it with his broom. When he came back the same road during daytime, it became quite dark and he could only see a strange fire. He went there and found a large lodging house, where he could sleep and get some food, even a hot bath.
Another man came past and asked him "What are you doing here?"
The man came to his senses and saw he was all naked. His food was only shit from the fox.

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伊香郡 Ika district 西浅井町 Nishi-Asai town

gawata がわた Kappa (in the dialect of Shiga)
The Gawata pulld people into the river. One day children were playing on the river side and one boy was imitating the Gawata to shock the others. The others, who thought it was the real Kappa, caught him and beat him quite hard.

. Kappa 河童 water goblin legends .

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. hinotama, hi no tama 火の玉と伝説 Legends about fire balls .
Around 3 in the morning at the beginning of the month, a ship was heading to the lake. From the East came a fire ball and stopped right above the mast.
A little later a bit of wind came and the fire ball seemed to ride the wind and blew away.
Pondering about this happening, the men thought it must have been a group of spiders.

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minomushi ミノムシ roundworm
A man boarded his ship around 3 in the morning in March, when he saw something sparkling. He picked it up, it looked like 金粉 gold powder.
This was a minomushi, which represents the soul of people who have died on sea or in water accidents.

. minomushi 蓑虫 , "straw raincoat bug" .
larva of Psychidae

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- reference : nichibun yokai database -

塩津浜逸話集 Tales from Shiotsu
中村芳三

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18 Feb 2020

MINGEI - Jorogami Spider Yokai

https://omamorifromjapan.blogspot.com/2020/01/jorogumo-woman-spider-yokai.html

Jorogumo woman spider yokai

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .
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Jorogumo 女郎蜘蛛 / 女郎ぐも"woman spider"

quote
Jorōgumo ( 絡新婦, じょろうぐも)
is a type of Yōkai, a creature, ghost or goblin of Japanese folklore. It can shapeshift into a beautiful woman, so the kanji for its actual meaning is 女郎蜘蛛 or "woman-spider", and to write it instead as 絡新婦 ("entangling newlywed woman") is a jukujikun pronunciation of the kanji.
In Toriyama Sekien's Gazu Hyakki Yagyō, it is depicted as a spider woman manipulating small fire-breathing spiders.
Jorōgumo can also refer to some species of spiders,
such as the Nephila and Argiope spiders. Japanese-speaking entomologists use the katakana form of Jorōgumo (ジョロウグモ) to refer exclusively to the spider species Nephila clavata.
In Edo period writings such as the Taihei-Hyakumonogatari (太平百物語) and the Tonoigusa (宿直草), there are "jorogumo" that shapeshift into women.
source : wikipedia

- quote -
Jōren Falls (浄蓮の滝, Jōren-no-taki)
is a waterfall in the Yugashima district of Izu city, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, in central Izu Peninsula on the upper reaches of the Kano River. It is a Shizuoka Prefectural Natural Monument. It is one of "Japan's Top 100 Waterfalls", in a listing published by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment in 1990.
According to Japanese folklore, this is home to the legendary mistress of the Jōren Falls, Jorōgumo; a spider that can transform into a seductive woman.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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taki no nushi 滝の主 The master of the waterfall 浄蓮の滝 Joren no Taki
at 天城湯ヶ島 Amagi Yugashima is Jorogumo.

At Joren no Taki 浄蓮の滝　the Jōren Falls of Izu, Shizuoka,
allegedly lives the jorōgumo mistress of the waterfall.
The local legend tells of a man who rested beside the waterfall basin when the jorōgumo tried to drag him into the waterfall by throwing webs around his leg. The man transferred the webbing around a tree stump, which was dragged into the falls instead of him.
After that, people of the village dared not venture close to the falls anymore. Then one day, a visiting woodcutter who was a stranger to this all tried to cut a tree and mistakenly dropped his favorite axe into the basin. As he tried to go down to fetch his axe back, a beautiful woman appeared and returned it to him. "You must never tell anyone what you saw here", she said. Initially he kept the secret, but as days went by, the need to spill the story burdened him. And finally at a banquet, while drunk, he told the whole story. Feeling unburdened and at peace, he went to sleep, but he never woke again.
In another version, the woodcutter was pulled outside by an invisible string and his corpse was found floating the next day at the Jōren Falls.
In yet another version,
the woodcutter fell in love with a woman he met at the waterfall. He visited her every day, but grew physically weaker each time. The priest of a nearby temple suspected that the woodcutter was "taken in by the jorōgumo mistress of the waterfall", and accompanied him to chant a sutra. When a spider thread reached out to the woodcutter, the priest let out a thunderous yell, and the thread disappeared. Now knowing that the woman was actually a jorōgumo, the woodcutter still persisted and tried to gain permission for marriage from the mountain's tengu. When the tengu denied him, the woodcutter ran towards the waterfall, where he was entangled by spider threads and disappeared into the water.

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source : popeye.sakura.ne.jp/shizuoka...
Jorogumo dorei 女郎蜘蛛土鈴 clay bell
from the shop 趣味の店アカオ
静岡県熱海市田原本町

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- quote Manga Mukashibanashi - tales of old -

あらすじ
伊豆の天城山中、
狩野川の上流にある浄蓮の滝は、千古の大木が鬱蒼と生い茂る、夏でも肌寒さを覚える程の場所で、滅多に人が入る事も無かった。
ある時、
他国の樵が千古の大木に目をつけてやって来て、滝の傍の大木に斧を打ちこみ始めた。ひと休みしようと斧を振る手を止め、切株に腰かけて煙草を噴かしていると、いつ現れたのか1匹のジョロウグモが、樵の足許に糸を繰り出していた。
樵は見るともなしにその光景を見ていたが、やがて仕事に戻ろうと思い、足にからめられたクモの糸を切株に巻きつけて立ち上がった。と、突然凄まじい地響きが鳴り響き、糸をからげられた切株がごそっと引っこ抜かれ、あっと言う間に滝壺に引きずり込まれてしまった。
樵からこの話を伝え聞いた人々は「浄蓮の滝の主はジョロウグモに違いない」と噂し、それからと言うもの、この滝に近づく者は絶えてしまった。
それからしばらくしたある日、先の樵とは別の樵が浄蓮の滝にやって来て、大木を切る為に斧を振るい始めた。木を切り倒し、昼飯を食べている樵の足元に、いつかと同じようにジョロウグモがやって来て、同じように糸をからげ始めた。樵は昼飯を食べ終わった後、クモの糸を切株にからげて仕事に戻ろうと立ち上がると、突然凄まじい地響きと共に切株が根こそぎに引き抜かれ、突き立ててあった斧もろとも滝壺に引きずり込まれた。
驚いた樵は、
引きこまれた斧を取り返そうと思わず滝壺に飛び込んだ。すると、水中に見た事も無い美しい姫が斧を持って立っていて、「浄蓮の滝の廻りの木を切ってはなりませぬ。そして、今日の事は誰にも語ってはなりませぬ。約束を守るなら、貴方の斧は返しましょう」と言って、樵に斧を返してくれた。
樵は家に帰ると、姫との約束を守りその日の事を誰にも語らずに過ごしていたが、ある時、振る舞い酒に酔ってつい口が滑り、浄蓮の滝で出逢った姫の事をすっかり話してしまった。と、話し終わると同時に樵はポックリと死んでしまった。
こんな事があってからと言うもの、人々は浄蓮の滝の主のジョロウグモを恐れ、滝に近付く者はいよいよ居なくなってしまったと言う事だ。
- reference source : Manga Nihon Mukashibanashi -

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Jorogumo is the messenger of Mizunokami.
水神の使者・女郎蜘蛛の伝説
- reference source : phantaporta.com... -

. Mizu no Kami 水の神様 Suijin 水神 Deity of Water .

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女郎蜘蛛八丁堀の狐
松本賢吾

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- CLICK for more manga versions - -

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- - - - - Haiku and Senryu - - - - -

女郎蜘蛛染屋は彩もなく古りぬ
古田紀一

女郎蜘蛛足に金の輪染めてをり
女郎蜘蛛黒地の脚絆染めてをり
粟津松彩子

女郎蜘蛛金龍院の空を降り
高澤良一

Temple Kinryu-In 金龍院

- Long list of haiku about Jorogumo -
- reference source : fudemaka57.exblog.jp... -

. WKD : joroogumo 女郎蜘蛛 "courtesan spider" .
- kigo for all summer -

ジョロウグモ joroogumo - Trichonephila clavata - the Jorō spider

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. Join the MINGEI group on facebook ! .

. Regional Folk Toys from Japan .

. Japan - Shrines and Temples .

. Tohoku after the BIG earthquake March 11, 2011

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- - - #jorogumo #jorospider #spider #jorennotaki #jorenfall #izushizuoka - - - - -
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17 Feb 2020

MINGEI - Daruma daki ningyo dolls

https://omamorifromjapan.blogspot.com/2020/01/daruma-daki-dolls.html

daruma daki dolls

source : Daisuke Hayashi
Daruma daki kuma だるま抱き熊 bear holding Daruma
土人形 clay doll

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. Cats holding Daruma だるま招き猫 .

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. Daruma daki usagi だるま抱き卯 rabbit holding Daruma .

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- ABC - List of dolls holding Daruma from the Prefectures

................................................................................ Kanagawa　神奈川県

. Daruma daki Kintaroo だるま抱き金太郎 Kintaro holding Daruma san .

................................................................................ Shizuoka 静岡県

. Daruma daki kozoo 達磨抱き小僧 boy holding Daruma .

................................................................................ Saitama 埼玉県
春日部張子 Kasugabe papermachee dolls

Daruma daki inoshishi 達磨抱き亥 wild boar holding Daruma

だるま抱きトラ Tiger holding Daruma

................................................................................ Yamagata 山形県

. Daruma daki dooji 達磨抱き童子 Child embracing Daruma .

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. Join the MINGEI group on facebook ! .

. . . CLICK here for more Photos !

. Regional Folk Toys from Japan .

. Japan - Shrines and Temples .

. Tohoku after the BIG earthquake March 11, 2011

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[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
- - - #darumadaki #embracingdaruma #holdingdaruma - - - - -
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15 Feb 2020

EDO - Mibu Kaido

https://edoflourishing.blogspot.com/2020/01/mibu-kaido-highway.html

Mibu Kaido Highway

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. Kaido 街道 Highways - ABC Index .
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Mibu Kaido 壬生街道 Mibu Highway
Mibu doori 壬生通り Mibu road / Mibu michi, Mibu do 壬生道
Nikko Nishi Kaido 日光西街道 Western Highway to Nikko

From 日光街道小山宿 Oyama via Kanuma to 日光街道今市宿 Imaichi in 栃木県 Tochigi.

01 小山宿 Oyama
02 飯塚宿Iizuka
03 壬生宿 Mibu
04 楡木宿 Niregi
05 奈佐原宿 Nasahara
06 鹿沼宿 Kanuma
07 文挟宿 Fubasami
08 板橋宿 Sakahashi
09 今市宿 Imaichi

. Nikkoo Kaidoo 日光街道 Nikko Kaido Highway .

mibu 壬生 means place along the water 水辺、水生（みぶ mibu）and refers to a low-lying wetland.
The writing 壬生 was later used for the name and also for the clan which ruled in this area.
It may also be a version of the Mibu Be （壬生部、みぶべ), a 乳部 wet-nurse to the Emperor.

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- link with many photos on the way
- reference source : kaidouarukitabi.com/rekisi... -

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- quote
Mibu Domain (壬生藩, Mibu han)
was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, located in Tsuga District of Shimotsuke Province (modern-day Tochigi Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Mibu Castle in what is now part of the town of Mibu, Tochigi. Mibu was ruled through much of its history by a branch of the fudai Torii clan.
- History
The Mibu clan, which had ruled this area since the Muromachi period was destroyed at the Battle of Odawara in 1590, and their lands came under the control of the Yūki clan. After the Battle of Sekigahara, Tokugawa Ieyasu assigned a 19,000 koku holding in this area to Hineno Yoshiaki, formerly of Takashima Domain in Shinano Province in 1602. Hineno was instrumental in the construction of the Nikkō Tōshō-gū complex, and was rewarded for his efforts in 1634 by a transfer to Funai Domain (20,000 koku).
Mibu was assigned to Abe Tadaaki,
who has served as a Rōjū to Shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu, with revenues raised to 25,000 koku. He was reassigned in 1639 to Oishi Domain in Musashi Province.
Mibu then came under the control of the Miura clan,
for three generations, until the transfer of wakadoshiyori Miura Akihiro to Nobeoka Domain in 1692.
Shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
then assigned the domain to Matsudaira Terusada, with an increase in size to 32,000 koku, and then 42,000 koku; however, he remained for only 3 years until his reassignment to Takasaki Domain. The domain was then reduced back to 25,000 koku and given to Katō Akihide, also a former wakadoshiyori, who made many attempts to reform the domain's finances and administration. After his son, Katō Yoshinori was transferred to Minakuchi Domain in 1712, Mibu came under the control of the Torii clan, who then ruled until the Meiji Restoration.
The 6th daimyō, Torii Tadatomi,
sided with the Satchō Alliance in the Boshin War of the Meiji Restoration, and fought in the Battle of Aizu, despite considerable opposition within the ranks of his samurai. The final daimyō, Torii Tadafumi was later raised to the rank of viscount in the kazoku peerage system, and served as the Japanese consul to the Kingdom of Hawaii.
After the abolition of the han system in July 1871, Mibu Domain became part of Tochigi Prefecture. The domain had a samurai-class population of 1693 people in 437 households, per a census in 1870.
- List of daimyōs ...

Mibu (壬生町, Mibu-machi)
is a town located in Tochigi Prefecture
The remains of many burial mounds from the Kofun period can be found in Mibu. During the Edo period, Mibu-shuku was a post station on a branch the Nikkō Kaidō connecting Edo with the shrines at Nikkō,
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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. Mibudera 壬生寺 Temple Mibu-Dera .
31 Mibunaginomiyacho, Nakagyo Ward, Kyoto

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. Legends and Tales from Japan　伝説 - Introduction .

.................................................................................　Tochigi 栃木県

kagami 鏡 mirror
If one stands in front of a mirror at night, at 3:33:33, there will be a different person shown in the mirror.

- - - - -

Sankai Shonin 三海上人 Saint Sankai
The founder of the temple 行念寺 Gyonen-Ji near the Honguri bridge in the old province of Shimosa 下総国 Shimōsa was 三海上人 Saint Sankai.
He came to help the people of the region during a drought to get some rain. He performed rituals for 7 days without eating but no rain clouds showed up. The villagers got angry and decided to kill him. Just then black clouds appeared and it begun to rain terribly.

- - - - -

benjokai 便所界 a realm of the toilet
When the boys from the local school go to the toilet and call out
「ノブユキくーん」 Hey Nobuyuki!
there is a hand coming out of the toilet trying to pull the caller inside.

..............................................................................................................................................

- reference : nichibun yokai database -

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EDO - Ensho Kaido Salpeter Road

https://edoflourishing.blogspot.com/2020/01/ensho-kaido-saltpeter-road.html

Ensho Kaido Saltpeter road

[ . BACK to DARUMA　MUSEUM　TOP . ]
. Kaido 街道 Highways - ABC Index .
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Ensho Kaido 塩硝街道 Saltpeter Highway
Ensho no Michi 塩硝の道 Salpeter Road

From Kanazawa to Nishi-Akao, Ishikawa prefecture, former Kaga domain.
To transport saltpeter found near 刀利 Tori and 五箇山間 Gokayama to the harbour of Kanazawa.
This road was kept very secret,
Kaga han no kage michi 加賀藩の陰道 "Shadow road of the Kaga domain".
The saltpeter was used for the army and thus kept secret.

Kanazawa 金沢
Odatsuno 小立野
Tsuchishimizu 土清水
Yuwaku hot spring 湯涌(温泉)
Yokodani 横谷
Tori 刀利 (五箇山間) Gokayama
Bunao toge pass ブナオ峠
Nishi-Akao 西赤尾

- quote
塩硝街道の歴史
- source : kaidoaruki.com/area_chubu...

salpeter - saltpetre (UK) - saltpeter (US) - various spellings of the word

..............................................................................................................................................

- quote -
About Gokayama
The geographic making of Gokayama allowed the people to secretly produce saltpeter and gunpowder in underground facilities.
In 1585, Gokayama became part of the Kaga Domain under the Maeda family. The mountainous terrain led to the development of the sericulture industry with silkworms, for their cocoons, Japanese washing paper production, and saltpeter, for gunpowder. The money made from production was collected by the Kaga domain.
One of the reasons
for the high-roofed gasshō-style houses was to provide suitable space for all of the producers. The ground floor was where the saltpeter making and living spaces were located. The second floor, which is warmer, was where the silkworms were raised and also had some living spaces.
Saltpeter and black gunpowder production
was a huge industry here, with every home in Gokayama involved. When the demand for enshō (a raw ingredient of gunpowder) rose, up to 20 tons of Kaga enshō were produced here. Both the quantity and quality were the best in the country. ...
Saltpeter Museum (Ensho no Yakata 塩硝の館)
- source : thegate12.com... -

- quote -
Ensho no Yakata 塩硝の館 Salpeter Museum

富山県南砺市菅沼134 Toyama, Nanto city, Suganuma
- reference source : 塩硝の館 -

- quote -

塩硝の作り方 How to make salpeter
- reference source : 金沢市崎浦公民館 -

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五箇山塩硝鉄砲隊

火縄銃演武 Festival

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- quote -
Origin of Japanese gunpowder production and it's first use
Noel Perrin:"Giving up the gun-Japan's Reversion to the Sword,1543-1879"(1979) pointed out that Japan was No.1 in the world for number of gun. But his discription did not touched to gun powder. A gun is only a pipe without gunpowder.
[1.]
How to produce the gun powder?
Ancient times, black gunpowder was a mixture of three fine powders. It consists of 75% saltpeter, 10% sulfur and 15% carbon. The grinding of saltpeter and sulfur are very easy, but grinding of carbon is very hard work, because the origin of carbon is charcoal of special hard wood( Hannoki in Japanese). For the grinding implement, stone mill was used. For pilot light of gunpowder, special fine powder, which was grinding by tea-mill, was used until second world war in Japan.
[2.]
A secret of saltpeter production in Japan Gun was introduced into Japan from Europe 1543 AD. The gun was present from TOKIAKI to a SHOGUN , which mediated by HONGANJI. HONGANJI temple initiate into the secrets to a warrior UESUGI KENSHIN.）. 　
As the production of the gunpowder is a secret, there was no information. We can find the origin of saltpeter in a game of children. Under the floor of old Japanese private house, we could find the crystal of saltpeter. The crystals is play a role of interesting toys. I'm sorry, but the phenomenon was lost by environmental change of sanitary living style. You can understand the mechanism of formation of saltpeter in Fig.1. ...
[3.]
First use of gun was in KAWANAKAJIMA war
Industrial production was started in GOKAYAMA by the of the disciples of HONGANJI. HONGANJI (temple) to oppose ODA NOBUNAGA. On the first use of gun was 1561 at fourth KAWANAKAJIMA war by SHINGEN. 1570A.D. by HONGANJI , NOBUNAGA was surprised very much in SESSHU-NODAFUKUSHIMA. An accepted theory of first use in NAGASHINO must revise by this fact. ...
- source : bigai.world.coocan.jp/msand... -

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- quote -
Saltpeter - Potassium nitrate .-
is a common food preservative and additive, fertilizer, and oxidizer for fireworks and rockets. It is one of the principal ingredients in gunpowder. Potassium nitrate is used to treat asthma and in topical formulations for sensitive teeth. It was once a popular medication for lowering blood pressure.
Niter, or nitre (chiefly British),
is the mineral form of potassium nitrate, KNO3, also known as saltpeter or saltpetre. Historically, the term niter was not well differentiated from natron, both of which have been very vaguely defined but generally refer to compounds of sodium or potassium joined with carbonate or nitrate ions.
- - - More in the WIKIPEDIA !

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8 Feb 2020

HEIAN - sotoba grave marker legends

https://heianperiodjapan.blogspot.com/2019/11/sotoba-grave-marker-legends.html

sotoba grave marker legends

- BACK to the Daruma Museum -
. Japanese legends and tales 伝説民話昔話 - Introduction .
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sotooba 卒塔婆と伝説 Legends about Sotoba grave markers
sotoba ... Stupa

. sotooba 卒塔婆 wooden grave marker, grave tablet .
- Introduction -
Sotoba 卒塔婆, ソトバ Japanese pronounciation for STUPA.
They are provided by the Buddhist temples who run the funerals.
Usually, the posthumous name is written on a sotoba, a separate wooden board on a stand behind or next to the grave.

On a traditional Japanese grave stone, these five elements are represented as
gorin, the five layers, in the following order:
the earth layer (chirin　地輪), a square
the water layer (suirin 水輪), a spherical shape
the fire layer (karin 水輪), a triangular shape
the wind layer (fuurin 風輪, a half-moon shape
the space layer (fuurin 風輪), gem-shaped

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- - - - - ABC List of the prefectures :

......................................................................................... Akita 秋田県
.......................................................................
平鹿郡 Hiraka district

At the entrance to the 平柳 Hirayanagi hamlet there was a huge tree.
They say it was a 卒塔婆 Sotoba they had planted there many years ago during a ritual for Ekijin 疫神 Yakubyogami, the deity of diseases.

. 疫病神 / 厄病神 Yakubyogami, Deity of Diseases .

.......................................................................
Akita 羽後町 Ugo town

shishida 獅子田 field for the lion head dancer
A traveling artist of the 獅子舞 lion dance had been killed in a fight.
The villagers made a grave for him and prayed, they also erected a grave marker. When the fields were re-arranged, the grave marker fell into a field, which became cursed by the killed lion dancer.

. shishimai 獅子舞 lion dance .

- - - - - - - - - - Ugo Kaido 羽後街道 Ugo Highway - - - - - - - - - -
broke off from Yoshioka 吉岡 leading to Iwadeyama 岩出山.
Uga town is on the on the Ogachi Plain 雄勝平野 Ogachi heiya, bordered by the Dewa mountain range 出羽山脈 Dewa sanmyaku to the West, and the Ōu Mountain range 奥羽山脈 Ou sanmyaku to the East.
The area of present-day Ugo town was part of ancient Ugo Province, dominated by the Satake clan during the Edo period, who ruled the Kubota Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate.

. Matsuo Basho travelling in the region. .

. Dewa Sendai Kaido 出羽仙台街道 .

. Onikobe Kaido 鬼首街道 Onikobe Highway - "Demon Head Highway" .

......................................................................................... Fukushima 福島県
.......................................................................
Fukushima いわき市 Iwaki city 四倉町 Yotsukura town

yakata ni kunda sotoba 家形に組んだ塔婆 / ヤカタニクンダトウバ
In the year 1949, there was a place in the mountain forest where people had collected many Sotoba and put them up to look like a house.
This was a curse and one would get ill for a long time when doing this.

.......................................................................
Fukushima 南相馬市 Minami-Soma city

. hebi 蛇と伝説 Legends about snakes and serpents .
Around 1881, there was suddenly a large number of serpents at the temple 阿弥陀寺 Amida-Ji in 八沢村 Yasawa village. one was even as long as 3 meters, and it did not get out of the way when children came. The young priest told the main priest about it but was told that he should not chase the serpent away, the animal would always eat as it pleases. The young acolyte asked: "Bus what is it that it pleases?" "The raisin of tobacco", he was told as a joke by the priest.
The young acolyte offeres some tobacco raisin to the serpent, but it did not like it and hid in the shadow. The acolyte went back home to his temple and begun to clean the floor. Suddenly he felt a great pain in his stomach, as if a serpent had been rolled round him. The priest prayed to Amida for help and the pain stopped.
Then they built 八沢の蛇塚 a stone mound for the serpent in Yasawa.

.......................................................................
Fukushima 二本松市 Nihonmatsu city - Motomiya

kamoishi, kamo-ishi 鴨石 "duck stone"
Once upon a time, a Samurai passed the swamp 伊佐沼 Isanuma and saw a male duck. He hit its head with an arrow. On his way back he saw a female duck and shot it too. When it fell down the Samurai saw that it was carrying the head of the male duck. The Samurai felt great pity and built a mound with a Sotoba on it, to pray for the appeasement of their souls.
There is now a memorial stone called the "Duck Stone" near the road to 貴船神社 the Shrine Kifune Jinja.

. oshidori オシドリ鴛鴦と伝説 Legends about mandarin ducks .

......................................................................................... Hiroshima 広島県
.......................................................................

sotoba ishi 卒塔婆石 Sotoba stone
Near the water at 大宮鐘楼 the bell tower of Omiya Shrine. There is also an ishidooroo 石灯篭 Ishidoro stone lantern.

. 石灯篭、石燈籠、石燈篭 Ishidoro, stone lantern .

......................................................................................... Hyogo 兵庫県

. daija, orochi 大蛇 the huge serpent, great snake .
A man who had been runin 流人 in exile took his three dogs and went hunting.
On the way the dogs suddenly bit the hunter in the legs to prevent him from going on, so he killed all three of them. There came a large serpent and ate the three heads of the dogs.
The man had been saved by his dogs after all, so he buried them and put three Sotoba markers on their grave.

......................................................................................... Ibaraki 茨城県
......................................................................
東村 Higashi village

toobada, tooba-da とうば田 field in the form of a Sotoba
There were five fields in the form of a Sotoba.
The family which had made these fields was cursed, some became ill, others went crazy.
Nobody dared to use these fields any more and they turned wild nature again.

......................................................................................... Ishikawa 石川県
.......................................................................
金沢市 Kanazawa city

. ame 飴 sweets .
Once a woman died shortly before giving birth and her grave was made in the temple 道入寺 Donyu-Ji. From that day on every evening there came a woman to 飴屋 the sweet shop to buy sweets. The shop owner thought this strange and followed her. She disappeared near the Sotoba of a grave. When they dug open the next morning they found a baby licking sweets.
The priest of the temple took the baby, called it Doogen 道玄 Dogen and brought the boy up to become a merciful priest.
To always remember the good deed of his ghost mother, he went to the painter 円山応挙 Maruyama Okyo and asked him to paint a hanging scroll of her ghost.

. Maruyama Ōkyo 円山応挙 Maruyama Okyo (1733 – 1795) .

......................................................................................... Kyoto 京都府
.......................................................................
京都市 Kyoto city

yomigaeri 甦 / ヨミガエリ coming back to life
Around 940 priest 日蔵 Nichizo from 東寺 the temple To-Ji died, but he came back to life.
He had been to hell and seen a man in an iron cave sitting on red-hot ashes. The man said
"I am the son of 宇多 Emperor Uda, who had burned down Buddhist temples, and now I must suffer for his bad deeds.
To help me Uda should give me a proper burial and grave with a Sotoba marker."

Nichizoo 日蔵 Priest Nichizo (905 - 967)
A mountain ascet of the Shingen sect. He founded the temple 如意輪寺 Nyoirin-Ji.
At the temple 鳳閣寺 Hokaku-Ji in Nara is a statue of the seated Nichizo.

......................................................................................... Mie 三重県
.......................................................................
熊野市 Kumano city

sakatooba saka tooba 逆塔婆 upside-down Sotoba
When placing the Sotoba upside-down on the grave of a woman, a man who had an illegal relationship with her will die.
- - - - -
When placing a Sotoba upside-down on a grave and writes
shibari o kakeru シバリヲカケル（縄で縛る）"you are now bound"
there will be no ghost coming out of the grave any more.

......................................................................................... Miyagi 宮城県
.......................................................................
Miyagi 香具郡 Kagu district 金山町 Kaneyama town

. kitsune densetsu 狐と伝説 fox legends .
Once a child was crying by the roadside. It had bought a saltes salmon with one eye, but the parents scolded it about this and had send it off to buy a fish with both eyes.
When it came back, the house was just a hole for a Sotoba.
The fox living nearby was afraid of the fish with one eye and had sent the child of.

.......................................................................
Miyagi 白井市 Shiroi city 白川 Shirakawa

. inu 犬と伝説 Legends about the dog / Hund .
A farmer had a verb beautiful daughter.
When she was a baby, her mother had made her poop in the garden and as a joke told the dog of the house:
"If you eat this, I will give my daughter as a bride!"
When the daughter had grown up and men came to ask for her hand, the dog bit them all to death.
Now the mother remembered her joke of so many years ago and told her daughter about it.
The daughter begun to live with the dog in a nearby cave.
When the dog finally died, they put a 犬卒塔婆石 Sotoba memorial stone on the grave and prayed for its soul.

inu sotoba ishi 犬卒塔婆石 Sotoba memorial stone for a dog
These memorial stones for a pet have Ｙ字の枝 forked branches stuck on them with the name and a prayer.
- reference and more photos : chindera.com/chiba-inusotoba... -

- - - - -

. inu sotoba ishi 犬卒塔婆石 the grave marker of a dog .
who helped Ono no Takamura 小野篁 (802 - 852) to chase away 大猪 a huge wild boar

......................................................................................... Nagasaki 長崎県
.......................................................................
西海市 Saikai city 西彼町 Seihi town

. Nichiren Shonin 日蓮上人 Saint Nichiren .
Saint ひでん上人 / 日伝上人 / 日傳上人 Hiden Shonin and Saint Nichiren had a match about praying for rain.
To make sure he would win, Hiden Shonin gave some poisoned rice cakes to Nichiren, but Nichiren did not eat them and gave them to a dog instead. The dog ran three and a half time around 銀杏 a gingko tree and then died.
Nichiren buried the dog near the tree and made a 卒塔婆 Sotoba marker like 杖 a pilgrim walking staff from the Gingko wood. He wrote the 法華経 Hokekyo Sutra on the marker.
He said in three and a-half years there would be a new sprout from the staff.
Since the staff had been planted upside down, the leaves also grew upside down.
The leaves are used to our day to prevent food poisoning.

. Hokekyo 法華経 / ホケキョウ Lotus Sutra Legends .

......................................................................................... Niigata 新潟県
.......................................................................
佐渡市 Sado city

If a 塔婆 Sotoba falls down, there will be an accident on the sea in the direction where it fell.

......................................................................................... Okayama 岡山県
.......................................................................
久米郡 Kume district

If a person has been dead for 50 years, people erect a special mata soba 股塔婆 marker to celebrate that the person has become a Misaki deity.
They also place small stones around the grave.

. Misaki ミサキ / 御先 / 御前 / 御崎 Legends about the Misaki deity .

......................................................................................... Shiga 滋賀県
.......................................................................
高島市 Takashima city

saka tooba 逆塔婆 upside-down Sotoba
(- there is also one in Mie, see above)
If a child is difficult to bring up, the family can place o Sotoba upside-down in the garden.

......................................................................................... Shizuoka 静岡県
.......................................................................
田方郡 Tagata district 函南町 Kannami town

. tanuki 狸 - mujina 狢　－ racoon dog, badger legends .
furudanuki 古狸 old Tanuki
A wandering monk was giving a Buddhist lecture an the 毘沙門堂 Bishamondo hall.
There was a man listening, clutching a 卒塔婆 grave marker in his hand, but he did not understand it. On his way home when he passed 富士川 the river Fujikawa, a dog came and bit him. Now he revealed his real identity, he was an old Tanuki!>

. yugyoo shoonin 遊行上人 Yugyo Shonin, wandering monk .

......................................................................................... Tokushima 徳島県
.......................................................................
徳島市 Tokushima city 佐古町 Sako town

Shinpachi Tanuki 新八狸 Tanuki Shinpachi / 庚申新八狸 Koshin Shinpachi
At the temple 天正寺 Tensho-Ji, the kamikuji 神籤 fortune slips were often lucky.
This was due to the power of the tanuki Shinpachi, who lived nearby.
Shinpachi had lived in the Koshin Valley. Nearby lived 北島藤蔵 Kitajima Fujikura, a retainer of the 峰須賀藩 Hachisuka domain, who was handling fire weapons.
One of the bullets had hit the home of Shinpachi and many of his friends had been killed. Since then Shinpachi had turned very angry.
He asked his Tanuki retainers to shape-shift into an old woman and women of about 20 years and go to the home of Kitajima and play tricks on his men.
Shinpachi himself made the road look like a river when the Lord Kitajima passed by. Shinpachi shape-shifted into a beautiful woman and walked under the same umbrella than Kitajima, but the umbrella was in fact 卒塔婆 a grave marker.
But in the end he killed Kitajima killed the Tanuki, who came back to life after three days.
Many people came to the temple Tensho-Ji to pay respect to the Tanuki.
But very few people came to the temple where Kitajima was buried.

......................................................................................... Tokyo 東京都
.......................................................................
西多摩郡 Nishi-Tama district

. Mount ミタマ山 Mitamayama, Ihaiyama 位牌山 .
This mountain is a
tatariyama, tatari yama 崇り山 cursed mountain .
Once a Hoin sama 法印様 was killed in a fire in 炭焼き小屋 a hut for making charcoal. Since then the mountain was cursed, its owner was cursed and all people who went there were cursed.
On the side of the mountain facing 峰畑 Minehata village there is now a place called
Tobayama 塔婆山 "Mountain with grave markers".
If people try to work on the fields around there, they will get ill and die.

......................................................................................... Tottori 鳥取県
......................................................................
西伯郡 Saihaku district 中濱村 Nakahama village

. haibyoo 肺病と伝説 Haibyo, Legends about lung diseases .
If one burns the 塔婆 grave marker of a person who has died on the first of January and swallows the ashes, haibyo 肺病 diseases of the lung will be cured.

......................................................................................... Yamagata 山形県
.......................................................................
米沢市 Yonezawa city

korori no yuurei コロリの幽霊 the ghost of cholera
In 1876, there was a cholera epidemic and many people died.
Near the place where they were buried, there lived an old man in a hut who kept koi 鯉 carp near the embankment.
One day coming back from feeding the carp, there stood an old woman near his hut. He had never seen the grandma and asked her where she came from.
From 米沢 Yonezawa, she answered. He walked a few steps and turned around, but the old woman was nowhere to be seen.
He thought she must have been the ghost of someone who had died from the choera, so he put a 塔婆 grave marker to appease her soul.

......................................................................................... Yamaguchi 山口県
.......................................................................
光市 Hikari city 熊毛郡島田村 Kumage district, Shimada village

In Shimada village there was the grave of a certain person where people put up shikimi 樒 ritual branches and a Sotoba 卒塔婆 grave marker, but both were thrown away the next morning.
The daughter had a dream about this: Her mother told her not the put these things on the grave because they made too much noise.
Next morning the daughter went to the grave again and said to endure the noise for the usual 49 days after a death.
Since then, all kept quiet around the grave.

. The History of Cremation in Japan / J. M. W. Silver .
The period of mourning began at cremation and lasted 49 days, after which the spirit of the deceased was said to be with ancestral spirits.

. shikimi 樒 Skimmia, Illicium religiosum .

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- reference : nichibun yokai database 妖怪データベース -
卒塔婆 - 塔婆

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. Kaido highway legends 街道と伝説 - - ABC list .

. animals and their legends 動物と伝説 - - ABC list .

. plants and their legends 　植物と伝説 - - ABC list .

. trees and their legends 　樹木, 木と伝説 - - ABC list .

. Persons, People, Personen and their legends - - ABC list .

. Legends about Kobo Daishi Kukai - 弘法大師　空海 - 伝説 .

. Japanese legends and tales 伝説　民話　昔話 - Introduction .

- Yookai 妖怪 Yokai Monsters of Japan -

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. Join the friends on Facebook ! .

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